## Overview Walmart, one of the world's largest retailers, has been implementing semantic caching and generative AI technologies to transform their e-commerce search capabilities. This case study, based on insights from Rohit Chatter (Chief Software Architect at Walmart), demonstrates how large-scale e-commerce operations can leverage LLM-adjacent technologies to improve search relevance, reduce latency, and manage costs while handling millions of customer queries. The core innovation discussed centers on moving beyond traditional exact-match caching to a semantic approach that understands the meaning and intent behind customer search queries. This represents a significant operational challenge given the scale of Walmart's e-commerce operations and the need to balance performance, cost, and user experience. ## The Problem with Traditional Caching Traditional caching mechanisms in search systems rely on exact match inputs to retrieve data. When a user searches for a specific term, the system checks if that exact query has been cached and returns the stored results if found. While this approach works well for common, frequently-repeated queries, it falls short when dealing with the natural variations in human language. Consider that customers might search for the same product using countless different phrasings: "running shoes," "jogging sneakers," "athletic footwear for running," etc. A traditional cache would treat each of these as entirely distinct queries, requiring separate API calls or database lookups, missing opportunities to reuse relevant cached results. For tail queries—the long tail of less common, more specific searches—traditional caching becomes particularly inefficient. These queries are by definition less frequently repeated in their exact form, leading to very low cache hit rates and forcing more expensive computation or API calls for each unique phrasing. ## Semantic Caching: The Technical Approach Semantic caching addresses these limitations by focusing on the meaning behind queries rather than their exact string representation. The technical implementation involves several key components: **Vector Embeddings**: Every query and product SKU must be converted into vector embeddings—numerical representations that capture semantic meaning. Similar concepts end up with similar vector representations, enabling the system to recognize that "running shoes" and "jogging sneakers" are semantically related. **Vector Search**: Rather than looking for exact matches, the caching system performs similarity searches in the embedding space. When a new query comes in, it's embedded and compared against cached query embeddings to find semantically similar previous queries whose results might be relevant. **Threshold-Based Matching**: The system must determine how similar two queries need to be before the cached results are considered applicable. This involves tuning similarity thresholds to balance between reusing relevant results and avoiding returning inappropriate matches. ## Results and Performance The results reported by Walmart are impressive, though it's worth noting these come from a promotional context (a conversation published on Portkey's blog, which sells related infrastructure). According to Chatter, semantic caching delivered a cache hit rate of approximately 50% for tail queries—significantly exceeding their initial expectations of 10-20%. This represents a substantial improvement in operational efficiency. Tail queries, which traditionally had very low cache hit rates with exact-match systems, can now leverage cached results from semantically similar previous queries. The implications for cost savings (fewer LLM API calls or expensive computations) and latency improvements (faster responses from cache hits) are significant at Walmart's scale. ## Generative AI in Search Beyond caching, Walmart is applying generative AI to understand the intent behind customer queries and present more relevant product groupings. The example provided illustrates this well: a query like "football watch party" returns not just snacks and chips, but also party drinks, Super Bowl apparel, and televisions. This represents a move from keyword-matching search to intent-understanding search. Traditional search systems might only return products that contain the exact words "football watch party" in their descriptions. A generative AI approach can: - Understand that "watch party" implies a social gathering - Infer that football-related merchandise, food, drinks, and viewing equipment (TVs) would all be relevant - Present a curated selection that addresses the customer's underlying need rather than just their literal search terms The case study suggests this approach can significantly reduce zero search result queries—instances where customers search for something and find nothing relevant, leading to frustration and abandoned shopping sessions. ## Challenges and Trade-offs in Production The case study is refreshingly honest about the challenges involved in implementing these technologies at scale, which provides valuable LLMOps insights: **Latency Challenges**: Semantic caching requires more computation than traditional caching. Each query must be embedded (requiring a model inference), and then a similarity search must be performed across the cache. This adds overhead compared to a simple hash lookup in a traditional cache. Walmart is working toward achieving sub-second response times, indicating that latency remains a work in progress. **Cost Challenges**: The infrastructure requirements for semantic caching are more demanding than traditional caching: - Every product SKU must be embedded (a one-time cost, but significant at Walmart's scale) - Every query must be embedded in real-time - Vector storage and search at scale requires specialized infrastructure - The computational costs of embedding and similarity search add up **Hybrid Approach**: The case study suggests that a hybrid approach using both simple (exact-match) caching and semantic caching together may be optimal. This allows the system to: - Handle exact repeat queries with the speed and simplicity of traditional caching - Fall back to semantic caching when exact matches aren't found - Balance the trade-off between more results (semantic matching) and performance (simple caching) ## Considerations and Critical Assessment While the case study presents compelling results, several considerations are worth noting: **Source Context**: This case study was published on Portkey's blog, and Portkey sells LLM gateway infrastructure including caching solutions. While the insights from Walmart appear genuine, the framing and selection of what to highlight may be influenced by Portkey's commercial interests. **Specific Metrics Limited**: While the 50% cache hit rate for tail queries is mentioned, other important metrics (latency improvements, cost savings in absolute terms, customer experience improvements, A/B test results) are not provided. The case study is more conceptual than data-rich. **Implementation Details Sparse**: Technical details about the specific embedding models used, the vector database infrastructure, the similarity thresholds employed, or the scale of the deployment are not provided. This limits the actionability of the case study for practitioners looking to implement similar solutions. **Future-Looking Statements**: Some of Chatter's comments about working toward sub-second response times and future AR/VR integration suggest that the technology is still evolving and may not yet be fully mature in production. ## LLMOps Implications From an LLMOps perspective, this case study highlights several important themes: **Cost Management**: At the scale of a retailer like Walmart, LLM API costs can quickly become prohibitive. Semantic caching represents a practical approach to reducing these costs by reusing results from semantically similar queries. This is a key LLMOps pattern that applies broadly to any high-volume LLM application. **Latency Optimization**: Production search systems have strict latency requirements—customers expect results in milliseconds, not seconds. The tension between the power of semantic approaches and their computational overhead is a recurring theme in LLMOps. Hybrid architectures that use simpler methods when possible and fall back to more expensive approaches when needed represent a mature pattern. **Infrastructure Complexity**: Semantic caching requires specialized infrastructure (embedding models, vector databases, similarity search engines) that adds operational complexity. Organizations must weigh the benefits against the increased complexity of their stack. **Continuous Improvement**: The mention of working toward sub-second response times and exploring future technologies suggests that LLMOps is not a "set and forget" discipline. Continuous monitoring, optimization, and evolution of the system are required. This case study provides a valuable glimpse into how a major e-commerce player is operationalizing LLM-adjacent technologies in production, with honest acknowledgment of both the benefits achieved and the challenges that remain.