| Workflow Orchestration | Purpose-built ML pipeline orchestration with pluggable backends — Airflow, Kubeflow, Kubernetes, and more | First-class DAG pipelines built from versioned components with UI, CLI, and SDK authoring plus built-in scheduling within Azure |
| Integration Flexibility | Composable stack with 50+ MLOps integrations — swap orchestrators, trackers, and deployers without code changes | Integrates well with Azure-native services and supports MLflow, but not built as a neutral integration hub for non-Azure tools |
| Vendor Lock-In | Open-source Python pipelines run anywhere — switch clouds, orchestrators, or tools without rewriting code | Fundamentally an Azure service — Arc-enabled K8s extends compute reach but governance and asset control remain tied to Azure workspaces |
| Setup Complexity | pip install zenml — start building pipelines in minutes with zero infrastructure, scale when ready | Initial setup requires workspace provisioning, IAM/RBAC, networking, and dependent Azure services like Storage, ACR, and Key Vault |
| Learning Curve | Python-native API with decorators — familiar to any ML engineer or data scientist who writes Python | Broad concept set (assets, resources, components, jobs, endpoints, registries) plus v1/v2 ecosystem fragmentation slows time-to-productivity |
| Scalability | Delegates compute to scalable backends — Kubernetes, Spark, cloud ML services — for unlimited horizontal scaling | Enterprise-scale managed training and inference on Azure compute, plus hybrid Kubernetes compute targets for large regulated deployments |
| Cost Model | Open-source core is free — pay only for your own infrastructure, with optional managed cloud for enterprise features | No separate platform fee, but total cost includes compute plus multiple Azure services (Storage, ACR, Key Vault, monitoring) that can be hard to predict |
| Collaboration | Code-native collaboration through Git, CI/CD, and code review — ZenML Pro adds RBAC, workspaces, and team dashboards | Workspaces, registries, and Azure RBAC make collaboration first-class — assets can be centrally managed and replicated across regions |
| ML Frameworks | Use any Python ML framework — TensorFlow, PyTorch, scikit-learn, XGBoost, LightGBM — with native materializers and tracking | Supports broad ML/DL workflows including no-code AutoML options and arbitrary training routines packaged as components or jobs |
| Monitoring | Integrates Evidently, WhyLogs, and other monitoring tools as stack components for automated drift detection and alerting | Deep Azure Monitor integration for endpoint metrics and logs, plus model monitoring with data drift signals and alerting via Event Grid |
| Governance | ZenML Pro provides RBAC, SSO, workspaces, and audit trails — self-hosted option keeps all data in your own infrastructure | Inherits Azure's enterprise governance model with RBAC, managed identities, registries with fine-grained permissions, and centralized asset management |
| Experiment Tracking | Native metadata tracking plus seamless integration with MLflow, Weights & Biases, Neptune, and Comet for rich experiment comparison | MLflow-compatible workspaces with automatic job metadata tracking — Azure ML recommends MLflow for metrics and params logging |
| Reproducibility | Automatic artifact versioning, code-to-Git linking, and containerized execution guarantee reproducible pipeline runs | Jobs automatically track code, environment, and inputs/outputs — versioned components and registries enable durable asset reuse across workspaces |
| Auto-Retraining | Schedule pipelines via any orchestrator or use ZenML Pro event triggers for drift-based automated retraining workflows | Supports scheduling pipeline jobs for routine retraining via UI, CLI, and SDK — though v2 schedules do not support event-based triggers |
from zenml import pipeline, step, Model
from zenml.integrations.mlflow.steps import (
mlflow_model_deployer_step,
)
import pandas as pd
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestRegressor
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error
import numpy as np
@step
def ingest_data() -> pd.DataFrame:
return pd.read_csv("data/dataset.csv")
@step
def train_model(df: pd.DataFrame) -> RandomForestRegressor:
X, y = df.drop("target", axis=1), df["target"]
model = RandomForestRegressor(n_estimators=100)
model.fit(X, y)
return model
@step
def evaluate(model: RandomForestRegressor, df: pd.DataFrame) -> float:
X, y = df.drop("target", axis=1), df["target"]
preds = model.predict(X)
return float(np.sqrt(mean_squared_error(y, preds)))
@step
def check_drift(df: pd.DataFrame) -> bool:
# Plug in Evidently, Great Expectations, etc.
return detect_drift(df)
@pipeline(model=Model(name="my_model"))
def ml_pipeline():
df = ingest_data()
model = train_model(df)
rmse = evaluate(model, df)
drift = check_drift(df)
# Runs on any orchestrator, logs to MLflow,
# tracks artifacts, and triggers retraining — all
# in one portable, version-controlled pipeline
ml_pipeline()from azure.identity import DefaultAzureCredential
from azure.ai.ml import MLClient, Input, dsl, load_component
credential = DefaultAzureCredential()
ml_client = MLClient(
credential=credential,
subscription_id=SUBSCRIPTION,
resource_group_name=RESOURCE_GROUP,
workspace_name=WORKSPACE,
)
credit_data = ml_client.data.get(name="credit-card", version="1")
prep = load_component(source="./components/data_prep.yml")
train = load_component(source="./components/train.yml")
@dsl.pipeline(compute="serverless", description="Prep + train")
def training_pipeline(data_input, test_ratio: float, model_name: str):
prep_job = prep(data=data_input, test_train_ratio=test_ratio)
train_job = train(
train_data=prep_job.outputs.train_data,
test_data=prep_job.outputs.test_data,
registered_model_name=model_name,
)
return {"model": train_job.outputs.model_output}
pipeline_job = training_pipeline(
data_input=Input(type="uri_file", path=credit_data.path),
test_ratio=0.25,
model_name="credit_defaults_model",
)
submitted = ml_client.jobs.create_or_update(
pipeline_job, experiment_name="credit-defaults"
)
ml_client.jobs.stream(submitted.name)
# Requires Azure subscription, workspace, IAM config.
# Pipelines tied to Azure ML workspace control plane.
# v1 SDK deprecated — must use v2 (azure-ai-ml).
